| Command |
Options |
Notes |
Command |
Options |
Notes |
| id |
UID, GID, and groups |
cat |
type a file |
||
| who |
umH |
logged in users |
less more head tail |
page through a file |
|
| passwd |
change password |
grep egrep |
powerful search, pattern
matching |
||
| pwd |
current directory |
wc |
count lines, words, characters |
||
| echo |
$HOME $PATH |
variable names, etc. |
sort |
sort files |
|
| cd |
~ $HOME .. (dot-dot) - |
change directories |
cut |
select columns in files |
|
| ls dir |
l,a,F,d,R |
directories |
sed |
stream editor |
|
| mkdir rmdir |
make and remove diretories |
enscript groff troff nroff |
b, G -Tascii -Tps -man -l -mm -e -t -p |
ascii output ps output man page processing memo equations tables diagrams & flow charts |
|
| mv cp |
move copy |
docbook2<x> |
Target formats: dvi, html, man, pdf, ps, rtf, tex, texi, txt |
||
| chmod chown |
a+rwx 755 711 R |
change protections |
<x>2<y> | document converters: ascii, bm, bw, dos, dsc, epsi,fax, g3, html, man, pal, pax, pbm, pdf, pfa, pfb, pk, ppm, ps, ras, rgb,texi, tiff, unix, |
|
| ps fg bg & |
au |
| less | grep |
> >> < 2> &> |
|
output append output input standard error both error and output |
| exit ^d logout |
|
log out |
tar gzip gunzip |
xvf cvf z |
z filters tar through gzip and gunzip |
| date |
find | <path> <selection> <action> |
find files > search paths > file names, types, etc. > print, ls, exec |
||
| type which |
a |
find executable in PATH |
export | export variables to child
processes |
|
| history |
use past commands |
pico |
a simple screen editor |
||
| rm |
remove files |
vi |
i - insert a - append <ESC> - back to command mode ZZ - save and quit :q! - quit without saving u - undo / - search forward ? - search backward :s/a/b - substitute b for a on current line NOTE: Lots of other commands |
||
| touch |
change file timestamp create empty file |
emacs |
^x^c - quit ^x^s - save file see tutorial |
||
| alias |
lpr lpstat lprm lpc |
print status of printer remove a print job interactive printer control |
|||
| acroread ghostscript |
Adobe Acrobat Reader faster pdf, ps viewer |
ksnapshot |
screen/window capture |
||
| xsane scanimage |
scanner control |
xterm chvt <n> ddcprobe |
bring up a terminal virtual terminals, 7 is the X display info about the graphics card and monitor |
||
| Command |
Options |
Notes |
Command |
Options |
Notes |
| mozilla mozilla-rebuild-databases.pl |
use which to find the
executable see /usr/lib/mozilla-<version> |
ifconfig mii-tool ethtool |
up, down |
display, config, start/stop
interface info about I/F more info about I/F |
|
| firefox opera konqueror |
browsers |
route netstat arp ip tc |
add, del n rn |
routing, gateway lots of options arp resolutions deep controls |
|
| evolution pine mutt |
e-mailers |
ping traceroute tracepath mtr dig host nslookup arping nmap |
sP |
IPv4 DNS (old) |
|
| telnet ftp |
classic commands | iptables lokkit |
security by packet filtering |
||
| ssh | secure telnet | ||||
| wget gftp |
multiple ftp files GUI |
||||
| rsync rlogin rcp rsh |
older commands |
| Command |
Options |
Notes |
Command |
Options |
Notes |
| su visudo |
become another user |
rpm | qa qf qi qR ql qd dc --rebuilddb |
To rebuild rpm db: > rm -f /var/lib/rpm/__db* > db_verify /var/lub/rpm/Packages > rpm --rebuilddb |
|
| redhat-config-<x> system-config-<x> |
a bunch of GUI's, use <tab> to see the whole list |
xconfig |
setup X |
||
| kudzu |
hardware scan |
lsmod insmod modinfo rmmod |
handle dynamic kernel modules |
||
| mount umount |
t |
see: /etc/fstab /etc/ |
fdisk sfdisk mkfs resize2fs parted |
-l (ell) |
dangerous commands |
| dmesg |
log files |
fsck |
check file system |
||
| useradd groupadd usermod userdel chage vipw |
user, group accounts |
df du quotacheck edquota repquota usrquota grpquota quotaon quotaoff warnquota quota repquota |
free space quotas |
||
| top gnome-system-monitor ksysguard |
show process information |
up2date |
updates from RedHat |
||
| free vmstat |
memory |
ac accton sa lastcomm |
user connect time accounting | ||
| swapon iostat mpstat sar w lsof fuser lslk ltrace strace |
s c P |
swap info Other information |
ps pstree top jobs kill |
process status and control | |
| sh, bash, csh, tcsh |
/etc/shells |
init runlevel |
force a run level current run level |
||
| service |
<daemon> start stop restart status |
handling daemons now |
chkconfig service |
on, off start,stop,status,restart |
setting boot daemons |
| at cron |
scheduling tasks |
mkbootdisk |
make boot disk or CD |
||
| lpadmin |
install printers by hand this is really painful |
shutdown |
r, h, now |
shutdown with power off or
reboot |
|
| pam |
see /usr/share/doc/pam-?/ html, pdf, ps and txt versions of documentation |
chattr lsattr |
file attributes |
||
| setfacl getfacl |
m, x, b R, L |
file access control lists new in core 2 |
cat /proc/version |
kernel version, etc. |
|
| mt mtx |
tape drive controls |
rsync |
backup/sync file systems |
||
| dump restore |
backup file systems also |
| Server Information
Commands |
||
| Command |
Options |
Notes |
| ifconfig |
ip addresses, change also |
|
| ip | controlling links, addresses, routes, rules, etc. |
|
| arp | IP address resolution |
|
| route | IP Paths, change also |
|
| nslookup | DNS workings |
|
| host |
DNS host searching, change also |
|
| dig | DNS database searching |
|
| getent | database queries: aliases, ethers, group, hosts,
netgroup, networks, passwd, protocols, rpc, services, shadow |
|
| netstat | networking status and information: connections,
tables, statistics, masquerading, multicasting |
|
| rpcinfo | port information and control |
|
| nc | listen to TCP and UDP connections |
|
| tcpdump | capture and process TCP/IP packets |
|
| ethereal | GUI packet capture and decoding |
|
| Type |
App |
Commands |
Daemon |
Package |
Options |
Config files |
How-To |
Comments |
| Security |
iptables |
iptables iptables-save iptables-restore |
iptables |
iptables |
-h -L -v --line-numbers I, A, R, D, N, X, P, E p, s, d, j, i, o |
networking-concepts-HOWTO packet-filtering-HOWTO netfilter-hacking-HOWTO netfilter-mirror-HOWTO netfilter-double-nat-HOWTO NAT-HOWTO netfilter-extensions-HOWTO |
first crack at network packets filters on ip, E/N, port (protocol), interface Term: netfilter, netfilter.org |
|
| tcp wrappers |
xinetd |
xinetd |
xinetd |
/etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny |
xinetd HOWTO | after iptables filters on source/destination ip and dns names |
||
| Network Connections |
Router Gateway |
netstat route |
r |
/etc/sysconfig/network /etc/sysctl.conf |
The Linux Networking Overview HOWTO | use iptables NAT (MASQ) |
||
| DNS |
named dig host nslookup nsupdate |
named |
bind bind-utils |
/etc/named.conf /etc/host.conf /etc/hosts /etc/resolv.conf |
DNS HOWTO | DNS name resolution |
||
| VPN |
ciped-cb |
cipe |
The Linux Cipe+Masquerading mini-HOWTO | /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifdown-cipcb and ifup-cipcb - not included in Fedora 4 |
||||
| Proxy |
squid squid-client |
squid |
squid |
/etc/squid/mime.conf /etc/squid/msntauth.conf /etc/squid/squid.conf /etc/squid/cachemgr.cong |
Transparent Proxy with Linux and Squid mini-HOWTO | caching proxy server |
||
| DHCP |
dhcpd dhcrelay |
dhcpd | dhcp |
/etc/sysconfig/dhcpd /etc/sysconfig/dhcrelay |
DHCP mini-HOWTO | dhcp server |
||
| NIS |
ypbind ypcat ypchfn ypchsh ypmatch yppasswd ypwhich yppoll ypset yptest |
ypbind rpc.yppasswdd rpc.rpc.ypxfrd |
ypbind ypserv yp-tools |
/etc/yp.conf /etc/ypserv.conf /etc/sysconfig/yppasswdd |
The Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ HOWTO | Sun NIS name server without domainname, this will not work |
||
| hostname domainname nodename dnsdomainname nisdomainname ypdomainname |
net-tools |
Set various names used mostly
by NIS, but also by others |
||||||
| Printers |
Printer |
(lots of commands) |
cupsd | cups cups-devel cups-libs cups-lpd |
/etc/cups/cupsd.conf /etc/cups/classes.conf /etc/cups/classes.conf /etc/cups/printers.conf /etc/pam.d/cups |
http://www.cups.org/documentation.php |
printer configuration web interface available |
|
| File Servers |
NFS |
exportfs nfsstat nhfsgraph nhfsnums nhfsrun nhfsstone showmount |
rpc.gssd rpc.idmapd rpc.mountd rpc.nfsd rpc.svcgssd rpc.portmap rpc.statd rpc.lockd rpc.rquotad |
nfs-utils | /etc/exports /etc/idmapd.conf /etc/gssapi_mech.conf |
Linux NFS-HOWTO | can behave badly, not very
secure |
|
| Samba |
smbclient |
smbd nmbd winbindd |
samba samba-common samba-client samba-swat |
/etc/samba/smb.conf |
SMB HOWTO | swat and
redhat/system-config-samba overwrite the default - save default config
first > see samba.org |
||
| NetWare |
mars-nwe |
Old technology |
||||||
| Mail |
Sendmail |
hoststat mailq.sendmail makemap newaliases.sendmail purgestat rmail.sendmail mailstats makemap praliases sendmail.sendmail smrsh |
sendmail |
sendmail sendmail-cf sendmail-doc sendmail-devel |
/etc/mail/sendmail.cf /etc/mail/sendmail.mc /etc/sysconfig/sendmail |
The Linux Electronic Mail Administrator HOWTO | This is really complicated |
|
| Postfix |
Not in Fedora 4 |
|||||||
| POP |
dovecot |
dovecot |
/etc/dovecot.conf |
wiki.dovecot.org |
new POP/IMAP server in Fedora 1 package was imap |
|||
| ftp |
vsFTP |
vsftpd |
vsftpd |
/etc/vsftpd.conf /etc/vsftp.user_list |
||||
| HTTP |
Apache |
ab htdbm htdigest htpasswd logresolve apachectl totatelogs suexec |
httpd |
httpd httpd-manual httpd-devel |
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf |
Apache-Overview-HOWTO.html |
other documentation at
apache.org |
|
| Tomcat |
tomcat5 |
tomcat5 tomcat5-jasper-javadoc tomcat5-webapps tomcat5-jasper tomcat5-servlet-*-api tomcat5-servlet-*-api-javadoc tomcat5-admin-webapps |
/etc/tomcat5/tomcat5.conf |
See tomcat.apache.org |
||||
| webalizer |
webalizer |
webalizer |
/etc/webalizer.conf |
generate web pages of
statistics typically only as localhost |
||||
| News |
innd |
inn |
/etc/news/inn.conf |
|||||
| Database |
MySQL |
mysqladmin mysql mysqlimport mysqlshow |
mysqld |
mysql mysql-server |
/etc/my.cnf |
reference manual on-line |
||
| PostGre |
postmaster |
postgresql postgresql-livs postgresql-server |
/var/lib/pgsql/data |
|||||
| Time |
/etc/ntp.conf |
|||||||
| SNMP |
snmpd snmptrapd |
/etc/snmp/snmp.conf |